ABSTRACT
Nursing is one of the professions which require knowledge along with clinical competence to provide high quality nursing care. Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) and Objective Strucured Practical Examination (OSPE) methods of evaluation have emerged as an alternative to traditional evaluation methods for the skills assessment. This study was planned to train nursing faculties on OSCE and evaluate its effectiveness. The primary objective of the for nursing faculties on knowledge regarding OSCE. A one group pretest-posttest design with a quantitative research approach was used. Convenient sampling method was used include 27 faculties from all the available colleges of Nursing in NCT of Delhi. A structured 15-item questionnaire with multiple choice questions, each comprising four responses with one correct response was used to evaluate the knowledge of the participants regarding OSCE. The twoday training programme comprised the theory sessions and demonstration of OSCE stations ties. The study suggests that there is a need to develop a structured training programme and conduct training for faculties across the country to bring in uniformity in implementation of OSCE method of evaluation in colleges.
ABSTRACT
Background: Domestic violence against women has serious health consequences for women. Prior research indicates its pervasive nature, albeit with wide variations in its prevalence across different settings. We examined the prevalence, pattern and predictors of domestic violence against women. Methods: Our community based, cross sectional, mixed methods study included 827 ever married women aged up to 60 years, from Delhi (India), selected through cluster sampling followed by systematic random sampling. Data were collected during 2010 to 2011 using structured questionnaires and in-depth interview guide. Statistical analysis was carried out using Stata 11.0 (College Station, Texas, USA) and thematic analysis for qualitative data obtained on in-depth interviews.Results: The life time prevalence of psychological, physical and sexual violence was 43.4%, 27.2 % and 26.4 % respectively; and when measured over past 12 months it was 37.6%, 19.3% and 20.3% respectively. ‘Any form of violence’ emerged as a sizeable category with a lifetime prevalence of 43.4%, and 37.8% in past one year. In most instances, the acts of violence were continuing and were perpetrated by husband. Violence was significantly higher among women having low neighborhood support (OR: 2.71, 95% CI: (1.39, 5.27), negative dowry effect (OR: 19.93, 95% CI: (10.36, 38.35) and alcoholic husband (OR: 2.12, 95% CI: (1.46, 3.09), whereas family support was protective against violence (OR: 0.31, 95% CI: (0.20, 0.49).Conclusions: The prevalence of domestic violence in Delhi is considerably high. There is need to use multipronged approach including effective and sustainable public health interventions to address the violence.
ABSTRACT
Background: Diseases of hepatobiliary system is a major problem in patients with HIV infection. It has been estimated that approximately one third of the death of patients with HIV infection are in some way related to liver disease. While this is predominantly a reflection of the problems encountered in the setting of co-infection Hepatitis B or C, it is also a reflection of the hepatic injury in the form of hepatic steatosis, that can be due to antiretroviral therapy. There had been little work done on liver function tests in HIV patients without pre-existing liver disease like viral hepatitis, or alcoholic hepatitis. So, this study was designed to assess the pattern of liver function test derangement in HIV patients. Aims and objective was to study the different pattern of hepatobiliary involvement in HIV positive patients, and to gauge the extent of liver damage.Methods: The study included 50 HIV positive patients coming to SMS hospital and Medical College, Jaipur, in medicine and HIV clinic of skin and VD department. Subjects having HIV test positive by ELISA, are included in this study. Other causes of liver function derangements were excluded from the study.Results: Maximum number of the patients were in the age group of 23-32 years. Out of 50 cases studied, 41 (82 %) cases had abnormal liver function tests, while 9 (18%) had normal liver function tests. Most of the cases had liver function abnormalities, and most common abnormality was raised SGOT/SGPT.Conclusions: Almost all types of liver function tests are found to be deranged in HIV patients. The pattern of hepatobiliary involvement varied from fatty liver, cholestasis to Toxic necrosis and granulomas.
ABSTRACT
Declining hearing sensitivity is appreciated as a normal age related change. However, studies reveal that health variables other than age play significant role in hearing impairment over time. Hypertension is one such variable. The objective of this study was to assess whether the hypertension has an accelerating effect on age related reduction in hearing function in males in the age group of 40-60 years. Systolic and Diastolic blood pressure and Pure Tone thresholds in frequency range 250-8000 Hz were measured in 30 known hypertensive (HT) male subjects in the age group of 40-60 years and 30 age and sex-matched normotensive (NT) controls. There was no significant difference in hearing thresholds at various frequencies between HT and NT group and between uncontrolled HT (n=15) and controlled HT subgroups (n=15). However, a significantly positive correlation between the systolic blood pressure and Air conduction thresholds at 4000 Hz and 8000 Hz and Bone conduction thresholds at 4000 Hz were noted in uncontrolled HT subgroup. Results of the current study demonstrated towards the potentially negative impact of uncontrolled hypertension on the auditory function in the age group of 40-60 years.
ABSTRACT
In spite of the countless benefi ts of breastfeeding, prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) has been far from optimal in the developing world. Breastfeeding problems at or after 4 weeks has been reported as one among the constraints to EBF. The study aimed to determine the breastfeeding problems in the 1st postnatal week, their predictors and impact on EBF rate at 6 months. Under a prospective cohort design, 400 mother-newborn dyads were assessed for breastfeeding problems before discharge and at 60 ± 12 h of discharge. Nearly 89% of the mother-newborn dyads had one or more BF problems before discharge. Major concern was diffi culty in positioning and attaching the infant to the breast (88.5%), followed by breast and nipple problems (30.3%). BF problems continued to persist even after discharge in a signifi cant proportion of the mothers (72.5%). The only independent predictor of BF problems in the 1st week was the caesarean section (odds ratio: 1.9, 95% confi dence interval: 1.3-3.2, P < 0.05). There was a marked improvement in the EBF status (69.5%) at 6 months, and BF problems did not predict EBF failure at 6 months.